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Background: As part of an international multi-country study on COVID-19 vaccine immunogenicity (InVITE, NCT05096091), we sought to characterize baseline anti-Nucleocapsid (N) and anti-Spike (S) seropositivity by country and by self-report of prior positive SARS-CoV-2 test result. Method(s): 3063 vaccine-naive individuals from the InVITE study cohort, who received a COVID-19 vaccine as part of their country's national immunization programs at participating sites in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Guinea, Liberia and Mali, were enrolled between August 2021 and February 2022. Demographic and baseline characteristics were collected at study enrollment. Blood was collected at baseline prior to initiation of the vaccine regimen. SARS-CoV-2 anti-S antibody and anti-N antibody levels were measured using Quanterix anti-S IgG semi-quantitative antibody and BioRad Platelia SARSCoV- 2 anti-N Total Ab assays, respectively. Demographic characteristics were assessed for association with positive anti-S and anti-N serology. Result(s): Baseline demographics and serology results by country and overall are shown in the table. Conclusion(s): Despite low numbers of prior self-reported positive SARS-CoV-2 test, the serology results in this cohort indicate prior infection in a significant proportion of the InVITE study participants prior to receipt of a first dose of COVID-19 vaccination. These results suggest widespread previous SARS-CoV-2 infections that were unrecognized possibly due to mild-no symptoms, poor access to/availability of testing and/or limited monitoring through surveillance. Baseline Demographics and Serology Results.
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The levels of immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination are poorly understood in African populations and is complicated by cross-reactivity to endemic pathogens as well as differences in host responsiveness. To begin to determine the best approach to minimize false positive antibody levels to SARS-CoV-2 in an African population, we evaluated three commercial assays, namely Bio-Rad Platelia SARS-CoV-2 Total Antibody (Platelia), Quanterix Simoa Semi-Quantitative SARS-CoV-2 IgG Antibody Test (anti-Spike), and the GenScript cPass™ SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization Antibody Detection Kit (cPass) using samples collected in Mali in West Africa prior to the emergence of SARS-CoV-2. A total of one hundred samples were assayed. The samples were categorized in two groups based on the presence or absence of clinical malaria. Overall, thirteen out of one hundred (13/100) samples were false positives with the Bio-Rad Platelia assay and one of the same one hundred (1/100) was a false positive with the anti-Spike IgG Quanterix assay. None of the samples tested with the GenScript cPass assay were positive. False positives were more common in the clinical malaria group, 10/50 (20%) vs. the non-malaria group 3/50 (6%); p = 0.0374 using the Bio-Rad Platelia assay. Association between false positive results and parasitemia by Bio-Rad remained evident, after adjusting for age and sex in multivariate analyses. In summary, the impact of clinical malaria on assay performance appears to depend on the assay and/or antigen being used. A careful evaluation of any given assay in the local context is a prerequisite for reliable serological assessment of anti-SARS-CoV-2 humoral immunity.
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COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Humans , COVID-19/diagnosis , Antibodies, Viral , Biological Assay , Black People , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Lung ultrasound is a non-invasive tool available at the bedside for the assessment of critically ill patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of lung ultrasound in assessing the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection in critically-ill patients in a low-income setting. METHODS: We conducted a 12-month observational study in a university hospital intensive care unit (ICU) in Mali, on patients admitted for COVID-19 as diagnosed by a positive polymerase chain reaction for SARS-CoV-2 and/or typical lung computed tomography scan findings. RESULTS: The inclusion criteria was met by 156 patients with a median age of 59 years. Almost all patients (96%) had respiratory failure at admission and many needed respiratory support (121/156, 78%). The feasibility of lung ultrasound was very good, with 1802/1872 (96%) quadrants assessed. The reproducibility was good with an intra-class correlation coefficient of elementary patterns of 0.74 (95% CI 0.65, 0.82) and a coefficient of repeatability of lung ultrasound score < 3 for an overall score of 24. Confluent B lines were the most common lesions found in patients (155/156). The overall mean ultrasound score was 23 ± 5.4, and was significantly correlated with oxygen saturation (Pearson correlation coefficient of - 0.38, p < 0.001). More than half of the patients died (86/156, 55.1%). The factors associated with mortality, as shown by multivariable analysis, were: the patients' age; number of organ failures; therapeutic anticoagulation, and lung ultrasound score. CONCLUSION: Lung ultrasound was feasible and contributed to characterize lung injury in critically-ill COVID-19 patients in a low income setting. Lung ultrasound score was associated with oxygenation impairment and mortality.
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V prvem delu prispevka je prikazano, kako je epidemija covida-19 obudila ideje o razvoju socialnega dela s starimi ljudmi. Pogostejše kršitve človekovih pravic, povečevanje diskriminacije starih ljudi in iskanje odgovorov na vse hujše stiske ob socialni izolaciji starih ljudi so teme, ki kar kličejo po vzpostavitvi specializacije za socialno delo s starimi ljudmi. Razvoj specializiranega znanja pa koristi tudi razvoju socialnega dela v domovih za stare ljudi. Prikazane so nekatere ključne prakse za razvoj novih področij socialnega dela v domovih. V osrednjem delu prispevka je opisana raziskava s socialnimi delavkami slovenskih domov in predstavljeni so rezultati o vplivu epidemije na socialno delo. Prikazano je, kateri so ključni izzivi za socialno delo, kako socialno delo ohranja vlogo pri organizaciji oskrbe v domu in katere so najbolj žgoče etične dileme socialnega dela. Predstavljene so tako pomanjkljivosti kot prednosti socialnega dela, da bi obstoječa tveganja za socialno delo prepoznali kot priložnost za nadaljnji razvoj stroke.Alternate abstract:The first part of the article shows how the covid-19 epidemic revived ideas about the development of social work with old people. More frequent violations of human rights, increasing discrimination of old people, and searching for answers to the increasingly severe hardships of the social isolation of the old people - these are topics that call for the establishment of specialization for social work with old people. The development of specialized knowledge also benefits the development of social work in homes for old people. Some key practices for the development of new areas of social work in homes are shown. In the central part of the paper, research with social workers in Slovenian homes is described and the results of the epidemic's impact on social work are presented. The article presents the key challenges forsocial work, howsocial work maintains its role at organizing institutional care and what are the most pressing ethical dilemmas of social work. Both the shortcomings and advantages of social work are shown in order to recognize the existing risks for social work as an opportunity for further development of the profession.
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Lahko bi rekli, da smo opravili že pomembno pot raziskovanja in izobraževanja socialnih razsežnosti demence in da je čas pogledati, kako naše študentke razumejo socialno delo z ljudmi z demenco. Posledice epidemije covida-19 so nas opozorile na pomen medčloveških odnosov, ki so ključni tudi pri zagotavljanju celostne pomoči ljudem z demenco. Knjižna recenzija je v tokratni tematski številki namenjena znanstveni monografiji Jane Mali in Vere Grebenc Strategije raziskovanja in razvoja dolgotrajne oskrbe starih ljudi vskupnosti, ki je izšla novembra 2021 pri Založbi Univerze v Ljubljani.
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Burnout contributes to the emergence of numerous negative organisational phenomena. Nurses are exposed to high stress working conditions every day, making it important to study burnout among nurses in health care systems. The aim of the paper is to investigate the impact of ethical climate and the LMX relationship on burnout among nurses, as well as to examine the effects of the three moderators (gender, self-awareness and social skills among nurses) on the observed relationships. The sample consists of 326 nurses from 23 hospitals in Serbia. Standardised questionnaires were used, while correlation analysis and hierarchical regression analysis were employed for statistical processing. The dimensions of the ethical climate and LMX relationship have statistically significant impacts and predictive effects on the burnout dimensions. Raising the level of the ethical climate and LMX relationship positively affects burnout: it reduces emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation, and increases personal accomplishment and involvement. An adverse ethical climate and unfavourable LMX relationships among men cause greater emotional exhaustion. For nurses with high self-awareness and high social skills, a favourable ethical climate and positive LMX relationships reduce emotional exhaustion, and increase personal accomplishment. For nurses with low self-awareness and low social skills, a favourable ethical climate and positive LMX relationships reduce depersonalisation. Recommendations are made for improving the ethical climate and LMX relationships in hospitals in Serbia.
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In the fight against infectious diseases, social inequalities in health (SIH) are generally forgotten. Mali, already weakened by security and political unrest, has not been spared by the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the country was unprepared, the authorities were quick to implement public health measures, including a SARS-CoV-2 testing program. This study aimed to understand if and how social inequalities in health were addressed in the design and planning for the national COVID-19 testing policy in Mali. A qualitative survey was conducted between March and April 2021 in Bamako, the capital of Mali. Twenty-six interviews were conducted with key government actors and national and international partners. A document review of national reports and policy documents complemented this data collection. The results demonstrated that the concept of SIH was unclear for the participants and was not a priority. The authorities focused on a symptom-based testing strategy that was publicly available. Participants also mentioned some efforts to reduce inequalities across geographical territories. The reflection and consideration of SIH within COVID-19 interventions was difficult given the governance approach to response efforts. The urgency of the situation, the perceptions of COVID-19, and the country's pre-existing fragility were factors limiting this reflection. Over time, little action has been taken to adapt to the specific needs of certain groups in the Malian population. This study (re)highlights the need to consider SIH in the planning stages of a public health intervention to adapt its implementation and to limit the negative impact on SIH.
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Background: Emergence of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants may contribute to prolonging the pandemic and increasing morbidity, and mortality related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We describe the dynamics of circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants identified during the different COVID-19 waves that occurred in Mali between April 2021 and October 2021. Methods: We sequenced respiratory SARS-CoV-2 complete spike (S) gene from positive samples. Generated sequences were aligned by Variant Reporter v3.0 using Wuhan-1 strain as a reference. Mutations were noted using the GISAID and Nextclade platforms. Results: Of 16,797 nasopharyngeal swab samples tested, 6.0 % (1008/16,797) were RT-qPCR positive for SARS-CoV-2. Of these, 16.07% (162/1008) had a Ct value ≤ 28 and were amplified and sequenced. We recovered complete S-gene sequence from 80 of 162 [49.8%] samples. We identified seven distinct variants including Delta [62.5%], Alpha [1.2%], Beta [1.2%], Eta [30.0%], 20B [2.5%], 19B and 20A [1.2% each]. Conclusion and perspectives: Our results show the presence of several SARS-CoV-2 variants during COVID-19 waves in Mali between April and October 2021. The continued emergence of new variants highlights the need to strengthen local real-time sequencing capacity, and genomic surveillance for better and coordinated national responses to SARS-CoV-2.
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A qualitative study assessed the effects of the COVID-19 epidemic on Malian sexual and reproductive health services. Sexual and reproductive health (SRHR) providers in 25 purposively selected public health facilities in urban Bamako, rural Kita (western Mali) and Koutiala (southeast Mali) were interviewed. Disruptions within SRH supply, staffing, the prioritization of SRHR services, and patients' ability to seek, obtain and pay for services were reported across urban and rural settings at all levels of public health care, and by all cadres of SRHR providers. Most facilities in the study areas sustained some SRHR services at the height of the COVID-19 epidemic through innovative outreach and phone-based consultations. This study offers critical lessons for SRHR service provision during future waves of the pandemic or during periods of comparable emergency. © 2022, Women's Health and Action Research Centre. All rights reserved.
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In Mali, the research on plants has been dynamic since the years of independence with the creation of a pharmacopeia institute, current Department of Traditional Medicine (DMT), one of the objectives of which is the valorization of traditional medicine resources through the production of Improved Traditional Medicines (ITMs). The investigations of DMT in collaboration with other research institutions allowed to develop ITMs used in the treatment of infectious diseases. Some of these ITMs acquired a Marketing Authorization and are part of the list of essential drugs in Mali. These ITMs are “MALARIAL 5” used against uncomplicated malaria and “DYSENTERAL” used against amoebic dysentery. Marketing Authorization files for other formulated ITMs are in progress. These ITMs are “SUMAFURA” and “WOLOTISANE” used against malaria, “SAMANERE” against viral hepatitis, “MITRADERMINE” against dermatoses, and “CALMOGASTRYL” against gastritis ulcer caused by Helicobacter pylori. In the context of the coronavirus pandemic, some of DMT’s ITMs can constitute an opportunity and contribute to the care of people affected by COVID-19. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Background: Tuberculosis was the deadliest infectious agent before covid-19; 1.5 million deaths in 2020. Despite, a variety, of easy and cheap diagnostic tools, detection rates still fall below 90%; diagnosis delays are long exceeding 30 days in many continents. This study aimed to determine risk factors for pulmonary TB diagnosis delays in Mali. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Bamako to include pulmonary TB patients at treatment initiation centers. Verbal consent was obtained before the interview. Demographics, clinical, treatment cost, and patient, medical, and diagnostic delays were computed using SPSS 25.0 considering a significance level p < 0.05. Results: In total 266 patients were included, 80.8% were male, mean age was ± 12 years, primary education level was 50.4%, treatment cost before diagnosis was 100 - 200 thousand CFA in 65.4%, smokers were 42.1%, median patient, medical and total diagnostic delays were 58, 57 and 114 days respectively. Education level below university, social reasons, and non-request of health workers were identified as independent risk factors for diagnostic delay > 100 days in Mali. Conclusion: Diagnostic delay is relatively very long in Mali, there is an urgent need for identification and action to shorten the delays to limit the transmission chain and avoid disabling pulmonary sequels.
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Cotton plays an important role in China’s agricultural production structure and international trade;therefore, China has implemented a variety of cotton subsidy policies. Since China joined the WTO in 2001, WTO rules have become substantive constraints on its agricultural subsidy policy. Therefore, in order to prevent appeal cases of China’s cotton subsidy, in this article, we investigate the current situation and optimization countermeasures with respect to China’s cotton subsidies based on WTO rules. According to calculation of the level of China’s cotton subsidy support under WTO rules, it currently exceeds 8.5% of the cotton production value. Secondly, we estimate the change in cotton subsidy effect when the support level of China’s cotton subsidy policy is directly reduced to 8.5%;the results show that such a reduction would have a considerable impact on the production scale. However, due to the constraints of the political and economic goals of cotton subsidies, the Chinese government can only “box shift” subsidies by changing the subsidy method and object in order to comply with WTO rules. Finally, from the perspective of how to use cotton subsidies to improve the efficiency of production factors, the Chinese government should focus on optimizing the cotton subsidy policy according to three aspects: improving the Amber Box subsidies, expanding the Green Box subsidies and increasing the Blue Box subsidies so as to maintain the existing level of cotton subsidy support.
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Introduction/ Background: Community Health Workers (CHWs) have been a cornerstone of health delivery across the globe for over a century. Unfortunately, this vital cadre is often not counted: information on numbers and location of active CHWs is frequently unavailable and/or inaccurate. This undermines health system planning and impedes CHWs' provision of care. Methods: A functional and institutionalized national georeferenced CHW master list (CHWML) closes these gaps. This document was drafted in response to the urgent need to count and identify CHWs as part of the COVID-19 response. It was a collaborative effort by the Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI), Community Health Impact Coalition (CHIC), Global Fund, Living Goods, Health GeoLab Collaborative (HGLC), and UNICEF. More than 50 organizations provided technical review, including Africa CDC, USAID and WHO. Representatives from the ministries of health of Ethiopia, Kenya, Mali, Rwanda, Uganda, Sierra Leone, Togo and Zambia inputted their technical expertise and ongoing needs. Results: A CHWML is a single source of truth containing the data elements required to uniquely identify, effectively describe, enumerate, locate, and contact all CHWs in a country. This guidance was developed to support national governments and their technical/financial partners to develop functional, continuously maintained, shared, and institutionalized CHWML hosted in a national registry. It describes a 7-step process for generating, sharing, and maintaining the CHWML in a registry. Each step includes a decision checklist and key considerations for implementation. The guidance also includes a 3-stage maturity continuum, five candid national-level experiences implementing CHWMLs, and practical resources to aid in operationalization. Impact: Accurate, up-to-date, reliable data on CHWs, which captures their location, qualifications and activities, is critical for strategic decision-making. Hosted and kept up to date in a CHWML, these data are vital not only to support existing CHWs, but to identify and close coverage gaps in pursuit of universal health coverage. Conclusion: While one-off georeferenced censuses of CHWs may be effective for establishing a baseline, it is only a first step toward establishing a functional and institutionalized CHWML. Investing in the development and use of a CHWMLs is a fundamental step in maximizing the impact, efficiency, and equity of health service delivery.
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“Fragmented and preferential access to the COVID-19 vaccine suggests human life is not the same across the world,” said Joachim Osur, technical director at Amref Health Africa and dean of the School of Medical Sciences at Amref International University in Nairobi. Both for humanitarian reasons and in our own interest. Because it will not be enough to control the spread of the disease only within Europe. According to the Mali authorities, this quantity will vaccinate 4.2 million people with two doses each — just 20 per cent of the country’s 20 million inhabitants. For Belén Herrero, a researcher at the Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences (FLACSO) in Buenos Aires and lead author of the analysis, false promises arise when countries overestimate their possibilities to obtain the vaccines, and refuse to admit their limited resources and capacity for negotiations.
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Speed read More than 800 research projects will be affected by deep cuts to UK aid budget Thousands of scientists call on British government to revoke the plans Leading researchers say cuts undermine trusted partnerships Dramatic cuts to UK foreign aid budgets have left the future of hundreds of research projects in developing countries hanging in the balance and trusted partnerships severely undermined, say leading scientists. “The real concern has to be for our partners, who trusted in this process and the early career researchers who will lose their jobs, and the wasted progress on important development issues,” Jenni Barclay, professor of volcanology, University of East Anglia Nick Talbot, executive director of the Sainsbury Laboratory, said it was a “massive breach of trust” to cut ongoing projects of real impact for developing countries. Talbot, a world-renowned expert in molecular plant pathology, leads a project on rice blast, a disease that can devastate rice yields, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa where disease-resistant varieties are lacking and control strategies limited.
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Bütçe dengesinin çeşitli nedenlerle bozulması sonucunda dengenin tekrar kurulması amacıyla mali konsolidasyon programları uygulanmaktadır. Mali konsolidasyon, kamu açıklarını ve borç stokunu azaltmaya yönelik uygulanan daraltıcı maliye politikaları olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Çalışmada, mali konsolidasyon programlarının özel tüketim harcamaları üzerindeki etkisi 1995-2020 yılı verilerine dayalı olarak PIIGS (Portekiz, Ítalya, Írlanda, Yunanistan, Íspanya) ülkelerini içeren panel veri analizi ile ortaya koyulmuştur. Elde edilen bulgular ışıǧında mali konsolidasyon programlarının ülkeler arasında farklı etkiler oluşturduǧu görülmüştür. Írlanda ve Ítalya'da genişletici mali daralma hipotezini destekleyici bulgular elde edilmiştir. Yunanistan'da ise Keynesyen etkileri destekleyen sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır. Örneklem yıllarından olan 2019-2020 yıllarında yaşanmış olan ve çalışmaya dahil edilen Covid-19 salgını nedeniyle uygulanan hükümet programlarının ise Portekiz, Ítalya ve Írlanda'da özel tüketim harcamalarını olumlu etkilediǧi görülmüştür. Bu durum mali konsolidasyon dönemlerinde genişletici mali daralma hipotezinin;genişleme dönemlerinde ise Geleneksel Keynesyen modelin geçerli olabileceǧini göstermektedir.Alternate :As a result of the deterioration of the budget balance for various reasons, fiscal consolidation programs are implemented to restore the balance. Fiscal consolidation is a contractionary fiscal policy applied to reduce public deficits and debt stock. This study revealed the effect of fiscal consolidation programs on private consumption expenditures by panel data analysis including PIIGS (Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Greece, Spain) countries based on the 1995-2020 data. In the light of the findings, it has been seen that fiscal consolidation programs have different effects between countries. While Ireland and Italy supported the expansionary fiscal contraction hypothesis and revealed findings, results supporting Keynesian effects were reached in Greece. It has been observed that the government programs implemented due to the Covid-19 epidemic, which was experienced in 2019-2020, one of the exemplary years and included in the study as a dummy variable, positively affected private consumption expenditures in Portugal, Italy and Ireland. In this case, the expansionary fiscal contraction hypothesis in fiscal consolidation periods;shows that the Traditional Keynesian model is valid during the expansion periods.
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Since 2015, over 2000 people have been killed and 1.5 million displaced due to violence attributed to extremist groups in Burkina Faso. In the first half of 2021 alone, over 540 conflict-related civilian casualties were reported in Niger.9 The armed conflict has had a devastating impact on children in Niger: of the 3.8 million people in need of humanitarian aid in Niger, 2.1 million are children and 1.6 million children suffer from malnutrition.10 More than eighty children between the ages of 15 and 17 years living in towns on the Niger–Burkina Faso border have reportedly been recruited as child soldiers.11 Over sixty children were killed in conflict-related violence in Niger in 2021 alone.12 Chad has also witnessed its fair share of violence and intercommunal tensions. In their efforts to coerce the Sahelian people and government decision-makers for ransom or political concessions, these groups have employed various terrorist activities, including launching deadly attacks against civilians and military targets alike, attacking public and private property, kidnapping individuals, and more.18 Weak State institutions around the inter-State borders have enabled such groups to flourish in the peripheries and border towns, targeting people in multiple countries at once. Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger saw over 4000 casualties of terrorist attacks in 2019;19 these attacks led, in turn, to the displacement of over half a million people.20 The growing presence of “terrorist” groups in the Sahel has also intensified organized crime and criminal networks that have served as routes for lucrative criminal activities such as drugs, arms trade, human trafficking and the kidnapping of persons for ransom.
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Covid-19la beraber dünya genelinde uygulanan sosyal mesafe, tam kapanma gibi uygulamaların ekonomi, çevre ve sosyal yaşam üzerinde olumsuz etkileri olmuştur. Covid-19un ortaya çıkardıǧı olumsuzluklardan muhasebe meslek mensupları da etkilenmiştir. Covid-19un muhasebe meslek mensuplarına olumsuz etkileri yanında bazı olumlu etkileri de olmuştur. Covid-19un muhasebe mesleǧine olan olumlu etkileri, muhasebe meslek mensuplarının uzaktan çalışma deneyimi elde etmeleri ve muhasebenin dijitalleşme sürecinin hızlanmasıdır. Bu baǧlamda en çok merak edilen konuların başında ise, Covid-19 sonrası muhasebe mesleǧinin nasıl şekilleneceǧi konusu gelmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Covid-19 sürecinde muhasebe meslek mensuplarının yaşadıkları sorunlar, çalışma yöntemleri, muhasebe mesleǧinin dijital dönüşümü ve muhasebeyle ilgili konuları ele almaktır. Bu çerçevede yapılan nicel araştırmada anket ile veriler toplanmıştır. Demografik verilerden hareketle oluşturulan gruplar arasındaki farklılıklarının tespiti için ise T- testi ve Anova analizi yapılmıştır. Yine gruplar arasındaki ilişki, korelasyon ve gruplar arası etki ise regresyon modeli geliştirilerek analiz edilmiştir. Yapılan faktör analizi sonunda sekiz boyuta ulaşılmıştır. Bu boyutların başlıkları;Covid-19'un Muhasebenin Dönüşümüne Etkisi, Covid-19'un Hizmet Sunumuna Etkisi, Covid-19'un Psikolojik Etkisi, Covid-19'un Muhasebe Meslek Mensuplarının Teknolojik Yetkinliklerine Etkisi, Covid-19'un Örgütsel Dayanışmaya Etkisi, Covid-19'un Ekonomik Duruma Etkisi, Muhasebe Uygulamalarının Covid-19'la Gerçekleşen Yeni Normale Uyumudur. Covid-19 pandemisinin belirlenen boyutlar çerçevesinde muhasebe mesleǧi ve meslek mensuplarını etkilediǧi sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.Alternate :Practices such as social distancing and full closure, which have been implemented around the world with Covid-19, have had negative effects on the economy, environment, and social life. Professional accountants have also been affected by the negative effects of Covid-19. Covid-19 has had some positive effects as well as negative effects on accountants. The positive effects of Covid-19 on the accountancy profession are the remote working experience and the acceleration of the digitalization process of accounting. In this context, one of the most curious subjects is how the accountancy profession will be shaped after Covid-19. The aim of this study is to discuss the problems experienced by accountants during the Covid-19 process, their working methods, digital transformation of the accounting profession and accounting-related issues. In this framework, the data were collected through a questionnaire in the quantitative research. T-test and Anova analysis were performed to determine the differences between the groups formed based on demographic data. The relationship between the groups, by correlation and the effect between the groups were analyzed by developing a regression model. As a result of the factor analysis, it was concluded that the Covid-19 pandemic affected the accountancy profession and members of the profession in the dimensions of The Effect of Covid-19 on the Transformation of Accounting, the Effect of Covid-19 on Service Delivery, the Psychological Effect of Covid-19, the Effect of Covid-19 on the Technological Competencies of Professional Accountants, the Organizational Effect of Covid-19, Effect of Solidarity, Effect of Covid-19 on Economic Situation, Adaptation of Accounting Practices to the New Normal with Covid-19.
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This article summarizes the strategy and effects of preventing and controlling the epidemic in the evacuation support of the aero medical evacuation team of the 7th peacekeeping medical contingent of China to Mali, to actively respond to the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19)epidemic based on existing medical conditions and further provide scientific evidence for guaranteeing military medical service in public health emergencies.
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Do Sahelian countries face specific risks of water-related conflict Sahelian countries face growing fragility and climate challenges-especially those belonging to the Group of Five Sahel States (known as the G5 Sahel)-Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, and Niger. This study examines how their relation to water availability and irrigation infrastructure factors in. It documents that the G5 Sahel countries, given their high baseline water scarcity and state fragility, face a higher risk of conflict over water resources compared to the rest of Africa. This is demonstrated through empirical analyses using geospatial data and exploiting (i) climate-induced variation in water availability, and (ii) an event study analysis of conflict trends, which sharply increased post-2010 in the region following the Arab Spring and the rise of the Boko Haram. Irrigated areas are found to be important for buffering against weather shocks but are also more prone to targeting during conflict events compared to non-irrigated regions. The evidence suggests that this reflects increased competition for scarce (fertile) resources between state and rebel groups on this climate frontier with a well-documented history of agropastoral conflict. Other regions of Africa are not found to experience similar conflict related to water resources. These findings are especially pertinent for informing projects and policy interventions in fragile countries as post-COVID-19 recovery and climate action plans are rolled out.